(Bloomberg View) -- The New York Yankees extended their late-season surge last week, eliminating the Cleveland Indians and moving on to the American League championship series. If they win the series against the Houston Astros -- after a rough start this weekend -- they will advance to their 41st World Series out of the 114 since 1903. And, as many investors and sports fans know, the S&P 500 has averaged more than a 12 percent real return since 1903 over the 12 months after the Yankees made the World Series, versus only 6 percent in other years.
Nonetheless, investors should beware of sports/market correlations. The granddaddy of this metric is the Super Bowl indicator. It was introduced in a 1978 column by Leonard Koppett pointing out that every time a team from the old National Football League won the Super Bowl, stocks went up the following year; and every time a team from the old American Football League won, the market went down. The indicator had worked perfectly for all 11 Super Bowls that had been played at the time. Koppett's point was the silliness of correlations, but the indicator worked for the next 20 years. It then failed four years in a row, but bounced back to be correct 13 of the next 14 years.
In the same column, Koppett related that Major League baseball batting averages went up in years the stock market went down, and vice versa. Koppett thought that hitters got complacent when their stock portfolios were doing well, while pitchers were immune to the influence. He pointed out that the indicator had worked in 12 of the previous 15 years, when the public was interested in the stock market. The only other time it worked was in the 1920s, another era with stock market focus. Interestingly, this indicator stopped working in the 1974 oil crisis and recession, when investment interest turned to commodities and inflation. But it worked in the mutual fund/internet stock era from 1987 to 1998, stopped from 1999 to 2008, then worked in the good stock market years from 2009 on.
Another well-known anomaly is that countries that win the World Cup enjoy stock market returns that beat global averages the following year. There is an extensive academic literature on these and other sporting correlations, as well as correlations between markets and weather and other seemingly unrelated news.
The first lesson is that there are many correlations, so it's easy to come up with rules that work in the past. If you try 2,048 useless rules, on average you will get one that predicts 11 of the last 11 years correctly. And if you go beyond sports to correlate with weather, politics or other events, you can find lots more indicators. Even if you stick to things that seem relevant to finance, like macroeconomic data or legislation, it's no trouble to find rules that work.
The second lesson is that know-it-all math types are too quick to trumpet the first lesson without looking closely at the evidence. Starting in the 1990s, behavioral finance researchers have begun to study sports and weather correlations seriously. Moreover, some of these indicators have impressive out-of-sample performance. Clearly, that could be coincidence as well, but it forces a closer look at possible mechanisms.
It's not hard to come up with reasons sports and weather might have mild, temporary effects on markets. A World Cup win or a sunny day could put investors and businesspeople in cheerful and optimistic moods, leading to more risk-taking and innovation, leading to better security returns. But a lot of people think security prices are driven by long-term economic fundamentals, so any effect of mood should be small and short-lived.
However, there is another common view, that stimulus is self-sustaining. If the thrill of victory pushes prices up today, that creates more cheerfulness and optimism, pushing prices up tomorrow. Higher security prices mean lower costs of capital for businesses and consumers, leading to more real activity and profits, leading to higher security prices. In this view, even a small exogenous boost might have measurable effects on long-term returns.
Correlation does not imply causation, so don't use the Yankees' fortunes to dictate your investments. But correlations often point the way to discoveries. If you ignore all correlations you cannot explain immediately, you will never learn anything that surprises you. That's probably bad for your investment portfolio, and it's certainly a dull life.
This column does not necessarily reflect the opinion of the editorial board or Bloomberg LP and its owners.
Aaron Brown is a former Managing Director and Head of Financial Market Research at AQR Capital Management. He is the author of "The Poker Face of Wall Street."
Starting on Aug. the Yankees won of games to clinch a playoff berth on Sept. Then they beat the Twins in a Wild Card game, and after losing the first two games to the Indians, ran off three wins in a row to advance.
The relation has marginal statistical significance, a p-value of percent when conventional usage requires a p-value below percent to label an event “statistically signficant.” But p-values are not a good way to evaluate evidence. I prefer to say that the result is suggestive of a real effect, it is evidence that deserves investigation, but it is not compelling, it could easily be random noise.
There are many versions of the Super Bowl indicator depending on treatment of expansion teams and which stock market indicator to use and which period to measure over. But all give similar results.
Koppett, Leonard "Carrying Statistics to Extremes." Sporting News Feb.
The National Football League merged with the American Football League in There were National League teams and only American League, so three National League teams (Colts, Browns and Steelers) joined the American League teams to form the American Football Conference of the National Football League, while the remaining teams from the old National Football League formed the National Football Conference of the National Football League. The Super Bowl indicator is based on the original League, not the current Conference of the Super Bowl winner. There have been six franchises added since the merger, three in each Conference. These are usually assigned by their Conference to determine the Super Bowl indicator.
The exception was in It was the biggest upset in Super Bowl history when the Giants beat the Patriots, as well as the biggest stock market crash since The Super Bowl indicator will probably fail for absent a sharp stock market decline in the next two months.
His logic seems dubious to me.
Here is a sampling:
Ashton, J. K., Gerrard, B., Hudson, R. (2003).-"Economic impact of national sporting success: evidence from the London Stock Exchange." Applied Economics Letters 10,-783-785.
Boyle, G. and Walter, B. (2003)-"Reflected glory and failure: international sporting success and the stock market." Applied Financial Economics 13(3), pp.
Edman A., Garcia D and Norli (2007),-"Sports Sentiment and Stock Returns." Journal of Finance 62(4), pp.
Jeffrey R. Gerlach International sports and investor sentiment: do national team matches really affect stock market returns? Applied Financial Economics 21(12), pp.
Kaplanski, G., Levy, H. (2010).-"Exploitable predictable irrationality: the FIFA World Cup effect on the U.S. stock market." Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis 45(02),-535-553.
Klein C., Zwergel B. and Heiden S. (2009).-"On the existence of sports sentiment: the relation between football match results and stock index returns in Europe." Review of Managerial Science 3(3), pp.
Smith, B., Krige, J. (2010).-"Evaluating the economic impact of national sporting performance: evidence from the Johannesburg Stock Exchange." South Africa Journal of Business Management 41(3),-1-12.
Also, of course, this does not refer to clearly causal effects, like a late freeze in Florida affecting frozen orange juice futures or a cold day in the Northeast in March pushing up the price of heating oil. Here are a few examples:
Cao M and Wei J, 2005.-"Stock market returns: A note on temperature anomaly." Journal of banking and Finance 29(6), pp.
Hirshleifer, D and Shumway T., 2003.-"Good day sunshine: Stock returns and the weather." Journal of Finance 58(3),-1009-1032.
Kamstra, M., Kramers, L. and Levi, M. (2000)-"Losing sleep at the market: The daylight saving anomaly." American Economic Review 90(4), pp.
Saunders, E. (1993)-"Stock prices and Wall Street weather." American Economic Review 83(5), pp.
Actually, you'll get two, one that gets all years wrong and can be reversed.
Meaning they continue to work after they are announced.
The evidence for this contention is weak, but it is an article of faith among politicians and many opinion writers. It's similar, but not identical, to what Keynesians believe; and it's also popular among econophysicists.
To contact the author of this story: Aaron Brown at aaron.brown@privateeram.com.
To contact the editor responsible for this story: Max Berley at mberley@bloomberg.net.
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