How to Launder $500 Million in Digital Currency: QuickTake Q&A
The Coincheck Inc. hack raises questions about security of cryptocurrencies around the world.
(Bloomberg) -- Early Friday morning in Tokyo, hackers broke into a cryptocurrency exchange called Coincheck Inc. and made off with nearly $500 million in digital tokens. It’s one of the biggest heists in history, with the exchange losing more than 500 million of the somewhat obscure NEM coins. The hack has raised questions about security of cryptocurrencies around the world.
1. How did the hackers pull it off?
Coincheck hasn’t disclosed how their system was breached beyond saying that it wasn’t an inside job. The company did own up to a security lapse that allowed the thief to seize such a large sum: It kept customer assets in what’s known as a hot wallet, which is connected to external networks. Exchanges generally try to keep a majority of customer deposits in cold wallets, which aren’t connected to the outside world and thus are less vulnerable to hacks. Coincheck also lacked multi-signature security, a measure requiring multiple sign-offs before funds can be moved.
2. Where did the stolen coins go?
That’s one of the stranger aspects of these heists. Because transactions for Bitcoin and the like are all public, it’s easy to see where the NEM coins are -- even though they’re stolen. Coincheck has identified and published 11 addresses where all 523 million of the stolen coins ended up. You can see for yourself online. Trouble is, no one knows who owns the accounts. Each one has been labeled with a tag that reads "coincheck_stolen_funds_do_not_accept_trades : owner_of_this_account_is_hacker." NEM developers created a tracking tool that would allow exchanges to automatically reject stolen funds.
3. Does that mean the hackers won’t be able to cash in?
Not necessarily. The thief could attempt to shake off surveillance by going through a service like ShapeShift, which offers cryptocurrency trading without collecting personal data. Converting NEM coins into a more anonymized currency, like Monero, could conceivably launder them. ShapeShift, which publishes all trades on its platform, said they have already blocked addresses associated with the hack. There are also “tumbler” services, designed to obscure both identities and transactions, but the huge total amount of money stolen presents a challenge.
4. What else can NEM developers do to fix this?
They could change the NEM blockchain by rolling back the record to a point before the attack. The so-called hard fork would create two versions of NEM, one that has never been hacked and another containing the stolen funds. While this approach worked for Ethereum in 2015, NEM Foundation Vice President Jeff McDonald said a fork is not an option.
5. Aren’t these exchanges being hacked a lot?
Yes, there’s a long history of thefts at cryptocurrency exchanges and wallets, dating back to the infamous robbery of Tokyo-based Mt. Gox in 2014. As prices of digital assets have soared, the platforms have become increasingly juicy targets for hackers. North Korean leader Kim Jong Un has allegedly sent his hackers out to swipe digital coins as his country faces tightening trade sanctions. One researcher estimates that more than 14 percent of Bitcoin and rival currency Ether has been stolen.
6. So what can you do to keep crypto-assets safe?
The lesson for crypto-enthusiasts is that exchanges are prime targets for hackers and no place to store your coins. One alternative is to keep the assets in software wallets, which come in online, mobile and desktop varieties. Hardware wallets are dedicated devices that offer an additional layer of security. For the extra paranoid, there is always the analog option: printing out the private keys for your coins on paper.
The Reference Shelf
- A QuickTake explainer on Bitcoin and blockchain.
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- A QuickTake Q&A on Bitcoin’s wild ride.
- A QuickTake Q&A on initial coin offerings and cryptocurrencies.
- CoinDesk has a Bitcoin price index; Bitcoincharts.com has a range of data.
- Two explainers, one aimed at kindergartners and the other a you-too-can-mine-Bitcoin project, plus an exploration of the double-spending problem.
To contact the reporters on this story: Pavel Alpeyev in Tokyo at palpeyev@bloomberg.net, Yuji Nakamura in Tokyo at ynakamura56@bloomberg.net.
To contact the editors responsible for this story: Robert Fenner at rfenner@bloomberg.net, Peter Elstrom, Sam Mamudi
©2018 Bloomberg L.P.