(Bloomberg Opinion) -- Investors in Luckin Coffee Inc., China’s upstart rival to Starbucks Corp., should have seen this coming.
Luckin shares plunged as much as 81% in U.S. trading Thursday after the country’s largest coffee chain said employees fabricated much of its sales last year. Car Inc., which shares a chairman with Luckin, tumbled as much as 72% in Hong Kong on Friday morning before trading was halted.
Skepticism swirled around the sustainability of Luckin’s business model well before its Nasdaq initial public offering last May. Luckin’s success relied heavily on generous discounts funded by investor money, as I wrote in December 2018. The company spent 152 yuan ($21.45) for every 100 yuan it made selling coffee, my colleague Tim Culpan noted in May. In February, after short seller Muddy Waters Capital said it had received an 89-page anonymous report alleging that Luckin fabricated financial and operating numbers, we again noted its reliance on near-permanent discounts.
Investors in the chain include Singapore’s sovereign wealth fund, GIC Pte, U.S. fund manager BlackRock Inc. and crop trading giant Louis Dreyfus Co., as well as a slew of venture capital firms. Early backers included Centurium Capital, a private equity fund founded by the former China head of Warburg Pincus.
Luckin’s turbo-charged growth and technology sheen were central to the investor buzz it created. Having opened its first store in Beijing only three years ago, the company had 4,500 domestic locations by the end of last year, outstripping Starbucks’ 4,300 Chinese stores.
The company described itself as a coffee “network” in its IPO document and prided itself on an app that offers a “100% cashier-less environment.” That slapped a new-economy aura on a largely humdrum and routine business — not unlike the office-sharing company WeWork, another hot unicorn that subsequently fell from grace.
Luckin said Chief Operating Officer Jian Liu and employees reporting to him engaged in misconduct and it is investigating. The aggregate sales amount associated with the fabricated transactions totaled about 2.2 billion yuan. Certain costs and expenses were also substantially inflated, according to the filing. Liu and others have been suspended and investors shouldn’t rely on previous financial statements for the nine months ended Sept. 30, the company said. Luckin reported net revenue of 2.9 billion yuan for the nine months through September.
It’s a moment of truth and a wake-up call for investors who pile into Chinese startups that show meteoric growth rates. That’s a message that few appear to have taken to heart after the spectacular boom and bust of bike-sharing companies such as Ofo. WeWork’s failed attempt to list taught U.S. investors that you can’t burn cash forever. Luckin could deliver a similar lesson for China.
Luckin’s management will need a long time to re-establish investor trust, if it can do so at all. The market for Chinese IPOs in the U.S. is also sure to suffer. After all, it’s far from the first time that an overseas-listed Chinese company has been embroiled in allegations of accounting manipulation. Luckin at least can be thankful that it raised $778 million selling shares and convertible bonds earlier this year, giving it some leeway to ride out the storm. For investors, the moral is an old one: If something looks too good to be true, it probably is.
This column does not necessarily reflect the opinion of Bloomberg LP and its owners.
Nisha Gopalan is a Bloomberg Opinion columnist covering deals and banking. She previously worked for the Wall Street Journal and Dow Jones as an editor and a reporter.
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