Powell Says Emerging Markets Equipped to Navigate Turbulence
Emerging market central banks are facing their stiffest test since the 2013 taper tantrum.
(Bloomberg) -- The Federal Reserve’s gradual push towards higher interest rates shouldn’t be blamed for any roiling of emerging market economies, which are well placed to navigate the tightening of U.S. monetary policy, Fed Chairman Jerome Powell said.
In a speech that argued U.S. decision-making isn’t the major determinant of flows of capital into developing economies, Powell said the influence of the Fed on global financial conditions should not be overstated, despite it being blamed five years ago for the so-called taper tantrum.
“There is good reason to think that the normalization of monetary policy in advanced economies should continue to prove manageable for EMEs,” Powell said at a conference sponsored by the International Monetary Fund and Swiss National Bank in Zurich on Tuesday. “Markets should not be surprised by our actions if the economy evolves in line with expectations.”
The remarks come as investors bet against emerging markets amid concerns about Fed policy. The dollar has soared against most developing-nation currencies in the past month.
Debt sales from countries such as Russia and Argentina have been canceled or postponed recently as potential buyers -- becoming more selective and demanding as U.S. benchmark rates rise -- balked at the prospect of faster inflation and widening budget deficits.
Policy makers have started to act, with Argentina’s central bank abruptly raising rates three times, to 40 percent, to stem a sell-off in the peso. Russia has put the brakes on further monetary easing. Turkey is seeking to bring down its current account deficit. Indonesia is burning reserves to prop up its currency.
What our economists say... |
| Bloomberg Economics ranked 15 major emerging markets to see which is the most vulnerable to rising oil prices, U.S. rates and protectionism: South Africa comes out as having most to lose. That’s because of its combination of oil imports and current account deficit. Thailand – a big exporter - also looks potentially shaky, reflecting exposure to protectionism. It’s also an oil importer. Resilience for Russia reflects its position as an oil producer. Brazil’s low dependence on exports is a source of resilience. |
Speaking in Zurich, Bank for International Settlements General Manager Agustin Carstens recommended countries build up their international reserves to have a buffer for when markets turn. “Sometimes you know whatever comes in at some point will have to go out, and it’s better you are prepared,” he said.
Pressure is being amplified by a surge in dollar debt across the world’s developing economies, which rose 10 percent in the year to the end of 2017 -- led by a 22 percent rise in the issuance of international debt securities -- according to the BIS. A fifth of emerging markets and middle-income countries have debt levels above 70 percent of GDP, with Brazil at 84 percent and India at 70.2 percent, according to the IMF.
Capital flows into emerging markets are very much a function of investors’ risk appetite, Chile’s central bank chief Mario Marcel said at the Zurich conference. “Building a reliable floating ex rate regime able to cushion the domestic economy from financial and commodity shocks takes much more than courage or statutory decisions -- it should be supported by a sophisticated financial and institutional architecture,” he said.
Rising Yields
Investors are watching Treasury yields, which hit a four-year high of 3 percent last month.
JPMorgan Chase & Co. Chief Executive Officer Jamie Dimon said it’s possible U.S. growth and inflation prove fast enough to prompt the Fed to raise interest rates more than many anticipate, and it would be wise to prepare for benchmark yields to climb to 4 percent.
A sustained move higher would pressure local currencies and lure away foreign investors. The International Monetary Fund warned last month that risks to global financial stability have increased over the past six months.
“Central banks may have to respond with interest rate hikes if the sell-off intensifies,” said Chua Hak Bin, a senior economist at Maybank Kim Eng Research in Singapore.
Those most vulnerable include Ukraine, China, Argentina, South Africa and Turkey according to the Institute for International Finance.
Stronger Footing
Still, the world economy’s best performance in seven years has boosted trade and capital flows, which in turn bolstered current accounts and international reserves. Foreign currency holdings among emerging market and developing economies are projected to be $144 billion higher this year, according to the IMF. At the same time, inflation remains subdued in most economies.
That means overall buffers are stronger today than five years ago, when the Fed triggered panic selling by signaling a taper of its massive stimulus program.
“Emerging market fundamentals are in a much better shape,” said Chetan Ahya, Chief Economist and Global Head of Economics at Morgan Stanley based in Hong Kong. “Almost across the board we have seen improvement in inflation, current account balances and most importantly real rate differentials have been quite solid.”
Conditions vary country by country. Russia, the Czech Republic, Colombia, Brazil and Philippines are among those that look less at risk, according to the IIF. And alternative tools developed since the last crisis -- such as macro-prudential buffers -- allow central bankers a broader set of options than just rate hikes.
“It will be more of an eclectic response,” said Robert Subbaraman, Singapore-based head of emerging markets economics at Nomura Holding.
In Brazil for example, after the real traded at near a two-year low, the central bank opted to “smooth out currency moves” by boosting the supply of currency swaps -- derivatives that provide investors with protection against losses in the currency -- which in turn helped reduce demand for dollars.
But few central banks have been tested as harshly as Argentina’s. The bank was forced to raise its key interest rate by a staggering 1,275 basis points to 40 percent in eight days to help stem a near collapse in the nation’s currency. The peso is down 15 percent this year.
The rate hikes, coupled with the announcement of tighter fiscal targets, were steps in the right direction, but the peso will remain vulnerable to dollar strength, said Jorge Mariscal, emerging markets chief investment officer at UBS Global Wealth Management.
“Liquidity conditions are contracting, and this exposes countries that are vulnerable, where the fiscal situation or current account balance isn’t comfortable,” he said.
The carnage in Buenos Aires was a reminder that emerging market policymakers cannot afford to put one foot wrong in a year like this one. In an environment like this, even one misstep -- such as a losing inflation target -- can trigger an outflow of hot money.
In Turkey, a widening current account deficit and consumer inflation near a record high have fueled expectations for higher borrowing costs. Central bank Governor Murat Cetinkaya has already tightened monetary policy with a 75-basis-point rate hike this year.
Russia’s central bank is no longer signaling it will lower interest rates further. Indonesia has heavily intervened by selling down record foreign reserves holdings to support the rupiah and has warned interest rates may need to go higher. Others, including India and the Philippines, are vulnerable.
In emerging Asia for example, overall investor flows, including into stocks and bonds, are at the slowest pace since 2014, according to Bank of America Merrill Lynch.
“In the short term there are few options” for central banks, Mariscal said. “The only one that has historically worked is an interest rate increase, and later a fiscal adjustment.”
--With assistance from Walter Brandimarte Olga Tanas Thomas Kutty Abraham Andrew Mayeda and Catherine Bosley
To contact the reporters on this story: Enda Curran in Hong Kong at ecurran8@bloomberg.net, Carolina Millan in Buenos Aires at cmillanronch@bloomberg.net.
To contact the editors responsible for this story: Simon Kennedy at skennedy4@bloomberg.net, Malcolm Scott at mscott23@bloomberg.net, Brendan Walsh, Vivianne Rodrigues
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