Boeing Issues Bulletin for 737 Max After Indonesia Jet Crash
Last week’s fatal crash of Lion Air Flight 610 left 189 dead.
(Bloomberg) -- A Boeing Co. warning to 737 Max operators around the globe provides the first clues about how bad data from an airflow sensor might have contributed to the deadly crash of an Indonesian airliner last week.
The bulletin and statements by Indonesian investigators suggest that the pilots on the Lion Air 737 Max 8 were battling the plane as its computers commanded a steep dive during its final moments of flight.
Boeing cautioned that the so-called angle-of-attack sensor can provide false readings in limited circumstances -- such as when a plane’s autopilot is switched off -- that cause the 737 Max to pitch nose downward. The sensor malfunction can essentially trick the plane into pointing its nose down to gain the speed it thinks it needs to keep flying.
The Boeing directive doesn’t call for operators to conduct new inspections or take other action. It merely stressed that pilots should follow procedures in the flight manual when encountering erroneous data. Following the protocol should be routine for pilots, though may be more challenging in the heat of the moment when equipment is malfunctioning and alarms are sounding.
American aviation regulators followed by issuing an emergency order Wednesday requiring that airlines follow Boeing’s instructions and add information to pilot manuals showing how to diagnose the problem and respond. Carriers will have three days to update their manuals under the order, issued by the Federal Aviation Administration, according to an emailed statement.
The FAA said the problem “could cause the flight crew to have difficulty controlling the airplane, and lead to excessive nose-down attitude, significant altitude loss, and possible impact with terrain.”
The sensor on the Lion Air jet been replaced the day before after it failed on a previous trip, the Indonesia National Transportation Safety Committee said in a briefing Wednesday. The malfunction can cause the plane’s computers to erroneously detect a mid-flight stall in airflow, causing the aircraft to abruptly dive to regain the speed it needs to keep flying.
On a previous flight from Bali to Jakarta, the angle-of-attack sensor feeding the captain’s flight displays registered a 20-degree difference from the device on the copilot’s side of the cockpit, the committee said. Pilots on that flight were able to compensate.
An angle-of-attack sensor that had been removed before that previous flight has been brought to the investigators and will be examined in the U.S., the Indonesian officials said.
It’s still possible the FAA may order Boeing to redesign the equipment or software as investigators piece together details of the Oct. 29 crash, which killed 189 people. The agency said it “will take further appropriate actions depending on the results of the investigation.”
Fresh Questions
The new information about Lion Air Flight 610 raises multiple questions investigators will want to examine on the pilots’ actions, how flight crews were trained and whether the maintenance performed on the system was adequate, said Roger Cox, a former NTSB investigator.
“I would definitely be looking at the man-machine interface and how pilots respond,” said Cox, a former airline pilot who flew earlier versions of the 737 and specialized at the NTSB in cockpit actions.
One of the puzzling things about the accident is that the plane was flying in clear skies during daylight, so pilots should have been able to handle the problems they faced with airspeed and erroneous sensors, Cox said. However, in rare instances, accidents have been caused by what investigators call a “startle factor.”
“If you don’t take the appropriate action because you’re surprised, you can make a serious error,” he said.
The pilots union at Southwest Airlines Co., the biggest customer of the 737 Max, hasn’t received any reports from its members of problems with faulty sensor readings, said Jon Weaks, president of the Southwest Airlines Pilots Association.
The airline confirmed that it hasn’t experienced any of the sensor troubles and said its 26 Max remain operational and no schedule disruption is expected.
United Technologies Corp. supplies the angle-of-attack sensors and indicator for the 737 Max, according to Airframers.net. The company didn’t respond to requests for comment. Honeywell International Inc. provides the air data inertial reference unit.
The Lion Air jetliner plunged into the Java Sea minutes after takeoff from Jakarta airport, nosing downward so suddenly that it may have hit speeds of 600 miles an hour before slamming into the water.
Moments earlier, the pilots radioed a request to return to Jakarta, but never turned back toward the airport, according to Indonesia’s safety commission and flight-tracking data. The agency said the pilots were dealing with an erroneous airspeed indication.
Boeing, which is headquartered in Chicago, said it is cooperating fully and providing technical assistance as the investigation continues. Boeing’s shares rose 1.5 percent to $372.02 at the close of trading in New York. The stock has risen 26 percent this year, the fourth-largest gain on the 30-member Dow Jones Industrial Average.
While modern jetliners primarily operate on autopilot, the computerized system can disengage when airspeed indicators malfunction, forcing pilots to manually fly the aircraft. If there is an “uncommanded nose-down stabilizer trim” on the Max, pilots can counteract it by pushing a switch on their control yoke. But the plane’s computers will resume trying to dive as soon as they release the switch, the Boeing bulletin said.
Flight crews should follow a separate protocol to halt the plane’s potentially dangerous action, according to the bulletin. Pilots are supposed to memorize a procedure to disengage the angle-of-attack inputs to the plane’s computer system. Boeing has delivered 219 Max planes -- the latest and most advanced 737 jets -- since the models made their commercial debut last year with a Lion Air subsidiary.
The angle-of-attack sensor is intended to measure the angle between air flow and a reference line on the frame or wings so that they maintain lift. If the flow is disrupted by a plane going too slow or climbing too steeply, that can cause an aerodynamic stall and a plane will plummet. However, if the sensor malfunctions, it can cause the plane’s computers to erroneously think it is in a stall -- which can then command the aircraft to abruptly dive.
Pilots raise and lower the nose of Boeing jetliners by pushing and pulling on a yoke in the cockpit, which controls panels at the tail known as elevators. In addition, a system known as pitch trim can be changed to prompt nose-up or nose-down movement.
The angle of attack readings are fed into a computer that in some cases will attempt to push down the nose using the pitch trim system. In the early days of the jet age, the pitch trim system was linked to several accidents. If pilots aren’t careful, they can cause severe nose-down trim settings that make it impossible to level a plane.
--With assistance from Kyunghee Park, Anurag Kotoky, Mary Schlangenstein, Justin Bachman and Natasha Rausch.
To contact the reporters on this story: Alan Levin in Washington at alevin24@bloomberg.net;Julie Johnsson in Chicago at jjohnsson@bloomberg.net;Harry Suhartono in Jakarta at hsuhartono@bloomberg.net
To contact the editors responsible for this story: Jon Morgan at jmorgan97@bloomberg.net, ;Brendan Case at bcase4@bloomberg.net, John Harney
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