Fed Officials Endorse Gradual Rate Hikes as Upside Risks Debated

(Bloomberg) -- Federal Reserve officials focused on the impact of potential fiscal stimulus during their December policy meeting, with many starting to worry that the central bank might eventually be forced to quicken the pace of interest-rate increases to head off higher inflation.

Almost all the participants “indicated that the upside risks to their forecasts for economic growth had increased as a result of prospects for more expansionary fiscal policies in coming years,” read the minutes of the Dec. 13-14 meeting of the Federal Open Market Committee, released Wednesday in Washington.

Despite growing attention to the risks of fiscal policy spurring faster growth than currently forecast, most on the committee reiterated that a “gradual” pace of rate hikes over the coming years would likely remain appropriate.

The minutes of the session, at which officials raised their benchmark lending rate by a quarter percentage point, showed that uncertainties over future fiscal policies weighed heavily in their discussion of the economy and the future path of monetary policy.

President-elect Donald Trump promised higher spending on infrastructure, tax cuts and regulatory reform during his campaign, but has offered few new details of his policy goals since winning the Nov. 8 election. His inauguration is set for Jan. 20.

‘Considerable Uncertainty’

“Participants emphasized their considerable uncertainty about the timing, size and composition of any future fiscal and other economic policy initiatives as well as about how those policies might affect aggregate demand and supply,” the minutes said.

The committee headed by Chair Janet Yellen was divided on how far unemployment was likely to fall, and over the consequences for inflation if it fell significantly below the Fed’s goal.

“Many participants” judged the risks of a sizeable undershoot on unemployment had increased somewhat, according to the minutes. Still, “most participants” expected the jobless rate would fall only “modestly below their estimates of the longer-run normal rate.”

The minutes showed that “about half” of the committee members had begun to incorporate assumptions about expansionary fiscal policy into their forecasts.

Among officials still emphasizing the downside risks to the economy, some mentioned repeatedly the headwind created by an appreciating dollar.

Strong Dollar

The U.S. currency has surged since the election, partly in anticipation of fiscal policies under the incoming Trump administration. The Bloomberg Dollar Spot Index, which measures the greenback against 10 global currencies, had appreciated 5.2 percent between Nov. 8 and the end of FOMC’s meeting on Dec. 14. Since then it has strengthened an additional 0.9 percent.

A stronger dollar hurts growth by making U.S. exports less competitive and slows inflation by making imports cheaper.

At their December meeting, officials raised the number of quarter-point rate hikes they foresee in 2017, to three from two, while signaling growing confidence in the economy, according to their median estimate.

Unemployment declined to 4.6 percent in November, its lowest level in more than nine years and close to most economists’ estimates for the lowest sustainable level. The Fed’s preferred measure of price inflation was 1.6 percent in the 12 months through November after excluding food and energy components. Policy makers expect that to rise this year toward their 2 percent goal.

The FOMC holds eight scheduled meetings a year, with the next session slated for Jan. 31-Feb. 1.

To contact the reporters on this story: Christopher Condon in Washington at ccondon4@bloomberg.net, Craig Torres in Washington at ctorres3@bloomberg.net. To contact the editors responsible for this story: Brendan Murray at brmurray@bloomberg.net, Alister Bull